When tests show that you have abnormal cells on your cervix, your doctor may suggest the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). LEEP is used to remove the abnormal cells from your cervix.
The Cervix
The cervix is covered by a thin layer of tissue like your skin. The cells that make up this tissue grow all the time. During this growth, the cells at the bottom layer slowly move to the surface of the cervix. When these cells reach the surface, they are shed as a normal process.
When this normal process is changed in some way, cells become abnormal. This condition is known as dysplasia. In mild forms, this condition may go away on its own. If it is severe or does not go away, it may lead to cancer of the cervix. Other factors such as smoking and being exposed to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) also increase the risk of cancer of the cervix.
A Pap smear detects changes in the cervix. Other tests, such as colposcopy and biopsy, also are used.
Treating Dysplasia
Abnormal cells can be removed with LEEP. This allows new healthy cells to grow. LEEP is just one way to treat dysplasia. Dysplasia also can be treated with other procedures such as cryosurgery, electrocautery, laser, or cone biopsy. The decision of which method to use depends on how much cervical tissue needs to be removed and where on the cervix the abnormal cells are located.
LEEP Procedure
LEEP uses a thin wire loop that acts like a scalpel (surgical knife). An electric current is passed through the loop, which cuts away a thin layer of the surface cells.
The procedure should be done when you're not having your menstrual period. This allows a better view of the cervix. In most cases, LEEP is done on an outpatient basis. It should take only a few minutes.
You may be given pain relief before the doctor begins. During the procedure you will lie on your back and place your legs in stirrups. The doctor then will insert a speculum into your vagina in the same way as for a pelvic exam.
A solution is applied to your cervix to show the abnormal cells. Colposcopy will be used to magnify the cervix during the surgery.
The loop is inserted through the vagina to the cervix. There are different sizes and shapes of loops that can be used. After the procedure, a special paste may be applied to your cervix to stop any bleeding. The tissue that is removed will be studied in a lab to confirm the diagnosis.
Risks
Although problems seldom occur with LEEP, there can be some complications. You may feel faint during the procedure or have some bleeding. There is also a risk of infection after the procedure. These complications are rare and can be treated easily. You should contact your doctor if you have any of the following:
- Heavy bleeding (more than your normal period)
- Bleeding with clots
- Severe abdominal pain
- Fever (more than 100.4°F)
- Foul-smelling discharge
Your Recovery
It may take a few weeks for your cervix to heal. While your cervix heals, you may have:
- Vaginal bleeding (less than a normal menstrual flow)
- Mild cramping
- A brownish-black discharge (from the paste used)
For a few weeks after the procedure, you should not have sex or use tampons or douches. If you have any discomfort, your doctor may prescribe pain relief.
Staying Healthy
After the procedure, you will need to see your doctor for follow-up visits during the year. At these visits your doctor will check the health of your cervix. After 1 year, of normal results, you may return to have exams once a year. If you have another abnormal Pap smear, you may need more treatment.
By making a few lifestyle changes after your procedure, you can help protect the health of your cervix:
- Have regular pelvic exams and Pap tests
- Stop smoking—smoking increases your risk of cancer of the cervix
- If you have more than one sexual partner, limit your number of partners and use condoms to reduce your risk of STDs.